China's Information Dark Age Could Be Russia's Future - The New York Times
S E E D E D C O N T E N T
Russia and China have the tendency to learn the worst from each other: tyrants, famines, purges and, now, internet censorship.
By Li Yuan
March 18, 2022, 5:00 a.m. ET
When Russia blocked Facebook and limited Twitter this month, many Chinese internet users were surprised. Wait a moment, they said: The Russians could use Facebook and Twitter? Both social media platforms have been banned in China since 2009.
By blocking online platforms, shutting down the last vestige of Russia's independent media and making it a crime to refer to the fighting in Ukraine as a war, the Kremlin has made it nearly impossible for the Russian people to get independent or international news after its invasion. Most Russians are taking in an alternative reality.
That's exactly what China has been doing to its 1.4 billion people for years. Nearly all major Western websites are blocked in the country. A generation of Chinese have grown up in a very different information environment from the rest of the world. Mostly, they are left to believe in what Beijing tells them.
"When people ask me how info environment within the Great Firewall is like," Yaqiu Wang, a researcher at the Human Rights Watch in New York, wrote on Twitter about China's censored internet, "I say, 'Imagine the whole country is one giant QAnon.'"
After years of testing and hesitation, Russia is heading toward harsher internet censorship akin to China's Great Firewall to better control its people. China's information dark age could be Russia's future.
"What is darkness?" asked a user on the Chinese social media platform Weibo. "You can't speak the truth, and you aren't allowed to see the truth."
The two countries have the tendency to learn the worst from each other.
Both the Russians and the Chinese were deeply scarred by disastrous eras under Communism, which produced tyrants like Stalin and Mao, gulags and labor camps, and man-made famines that starved millions to death.
Now, Russia is learning from China how to exert control over its people in the social media age.
The Ukraine crisis has only accelerated a process that started years earlier. In late 2015, China and Russia signed a strategic cooperation agreement on internet governance. A few months later, two of China's most infamous proponents of censorship traveled to Moscow to preach their ideas of the internet to their Russian counterparts.
"Unlimited freedom can lead to terrorism," China's internet czar at the time, Lu Wei, told his Russian audience at a forum. "If borders exist, they exist in cyberspace, too," saidFang Binxing, known as "father of the Great Firewall."
China has not always been as tightly controlled as it has become under its top leader, Xi Jinping. In the 1990s and 2000s, investigative journalists broke many stories that led to the downfalls of government officials and to judiciary reforms. The internet and social media made it possible for the public to exchange ideas, debate important topics and pressure the government to respond to their concerns.
There was censorship — at times very strict — and some people went to jail for voicing their political views. But there was a little room for free speech, as there was in Russia for much of Mr. Putin's rule.
Then, under Mr. Xi, a new era of control took hold, and it didn't stop at news media and social media. It reached everything that touches human minds: books and cartoons, films and television, music and classrooms.
The country regulates what textbooks children use, what type of novels writers can publish, and what kind of mobile games people can play. And it is all possible because the vast majority of Chinese live in the huge information bubble within the Great Firewall.
The effects are clearly demonstrated in the overwhelmingly pro-Russia, pro-war and pro-Putin online sentiment in China after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February. A huge number of Chinese internet users have bought into the disinformation that the Russian and Chinese propaganda machines feed them.
Weibo, China's Twitter-like social media platform, used to be the place to debate democracy and freedom. Now, the biggest influencers on Weibo are state-owned media outlets like the People's Daily, the Global Times and China Central Television. Bilibili, a user-generated video site that used to be popular among young gamers and comic and anime fans, is now full of nationalistic young people known as little pinks.
It requires a lot of perseverance for someone with independent thoughts to keep a presence on Weibo. A law scholar I know had set up 343 Weibo accounts between 2009 and 2014, only to see them deleted one by one. Some of them survived only a few minutes. Many people quit social media because they couldn't stand the abuses by government trolls and little pinks. They also don't want to risk of getting jailed for a post.
The news media has suffered an even greater retreat.
After the huge earthquake struck Sichuan Province in May 2008, many Chinese news outlets sent journalists there despite a ban from the Central Propaganda Department. Their powerful, emotional coverage informed the nation of the tragedy and raised questions about the quality of many school buildings.
That kind of reporting is long gone. When news happens, the Chinese public has no choice but to accept the government's version of truth.
In January, when the government of the northwestern city of Xi'an imposed a strict lockdown that created chaos and crises not seen since Wuhan two years ago, few news outlets sent journalists to cover it. The only significant reporting the Chinese public got was a first-person blog post written by a former investigative journalist known by her pen name, Jiang Xue.
A few weeks later, when the public was outraged by a video that showed a woman chained in a doorless shack, they had many questions about her, including whether she was a victim of human trafficking. No journalist was able to conduct any independent investigation. Despite the government issuing five statements about her case, many people remain skeptical and are worried that they may never know her real identity.
State censors scrutinize books, videos, films, TV series and just about any creative content much more closely before they reach their audience. The goal is to make sure that everyone, especially the young generation, shares the same values.
A well-known Chinese intellectual has written three books that might never get published. Another famous scholar has written five books with no hope of getting them past the censors.
On Chinese TV, hip-hop singers and soccer players wear long sleeves or use makeup to cover their tattoos, and men's earrings are blurred so they won't become a "bad influence" to young people.
China still wants to offer some Western entertainment content, but only in sanitized format. In the sitcom "Friends," Ross never explained to his parents that he had split from his wife because she was a lesbian living with another woman. "Bohemian Rhapsody," the Queen biopic, had no scenes involving homosexuality. The Chinese censors put a black dress on the heroine's nude body in "The Shape of Water."
Creative talents are now signing contracts that include clauses that make them liable for engaging in immoral behaviors or making politically sensitive comments. Celebrities can have their online presence scrubbed for having a nasty divorce, evading taxes, hiring a prostitute, or for no clear reason at all.
The release of a much-anticipated Chinese thriller was delayed last Christmas because one of the main actors in the movie was accused of taking drugs in 2015. It didn't matter that the charges against him were dropped. All his shots had to be redone.
I used to doubt that young people would want to watch jingoistic propaganda movies. My generation couldn't run away from them fast enough, like Russians in the 1980s and 1990s. But I was wrong.
Last year, "The Battle at Lake Changjin," a government-sponsored movie dramatizing an against-all-odds defeat of the United States during the Korean War, smashed box office records in China.
The most depressing aspect of the information dark age is the collective amnesia.
Young censors are so ignorant about China's forbidden history that they need to be taught before they start work. Otherwise, they won't even know to look for references to the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown on pro-democracy protests, or to the dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo.
Some young people believe it's their responsibility to report to the authorities on speeches they deemed not in line with Communist Party values. Some teachers have lost their jobs or have been punished after their students reported on their "politically incorrect" speech.
Last summer, a local state security bureau in the southeastern province of Fujian awarded a college student $1,500 for reporting on an online user spreading "anti-revolutionary information."
For many Chinese online users, the Great Firewall is seen as necessary to ward off the information and ideological imposition from the West. And after the Kremlin followed suit this month, banning many foreign websites, many in China cheered the decision.
"It's very necessary to build the Great Firewall," wrote the Weibo user @icebear_Like_. "Ideology is also a battlefront."
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How about, "I cannot open your attachments here so I don't believe you because I can't verify truth"?
SMH!
In reality, any Russian citizen can access non-Russian sites if they are willing to put forth the effort. Internet technology today can bypass any firewall or blockage, as long as the user has a desire to look, the knowledge of how to bypass, and knows that there is something to look for.
The real prevention is making it a crime to access the truth, and making it rewarding to turn in your fellow citizen that is looking or trying to. The secret police are everywhere.....
Those are crimes in Russia. That is disincentive!
Americans can access foreign child porn sites...
If they want to, know how, suffer consequences.
Exactly. These regimes that hold power based on limiting their citizens' knowledge, are on shakier and shakier grounds each year that internet technology increases.
It's getting more and more difficult to do. I understand Russia is narrowing IP ranges directly at the backbone level. There is very little traffic getting out of Russia. Which is kind of ironic since some companies that push traffic to internet backbones have blocked anything going into Russia.
Some hackers are stealing satellite signals not owned by Russian sources, but those can be scanned for and shut down. A few have been playing that game for 2 weeks now. A couple have been caught and charged with crimes.
Hackers in Ukraine have setup a system that sends information anonymously to a random smart phone in Russia... Another group, about 300,000 people, that co-ordinates to shut down Russian information sites with DoS attacks.
It goes in waves.
New technology makes it easier to access the real internet, a few months later Russia/China/etc. find a way to block this new method.
What are they going to do when Starlink finally finds its way to that section of the world? Make it illegal to own, sure, without doubt. Has that ever stopped everyone? Absolutely not.
Wave comes in.
Wave goes out.
Looking at the long game, Russia, China, etc. will lose. No matter what they do, someone will find a way around it.
Just look at internet pirates around the world, there are countries and mega money behind finding methods to block this piracy. They have won battles, but the piracy war continues and they are losing ground.
It can be found by scanning for open wifi sources. It's already in Ukraine - they sent 200 units over there.
Yes, it's a forever game of cat and mouse.
I cannot imagine anything that would turn off people faster than losing YouTube & Twitter!
Russians on TV saying they only have books.
And Starbucks and McDonalds,.....
there's still some russian pro-putin misinformation sites on youtube available.
Our enemy's propaganda is abnermally available!
"When people ask me how info environment within the Great Firewall is like," Yaqiu Wang, a researcher at the Human Rights Watch in New York, wrote on Twitter about China's censored internet, "I say, 'Imagine the whole country is one giant QAnon.'"
That's scary and the long term consequences of generations raised in this controlled, alternate reality is truly scary.
While the US isn't anywhere near that bad, the self isolation of people into partisan echo chambers can create that effect in miniature. It's why I've come around on the necessity of a media that at least aspires to objectivity, even though that will never occur. When damaging information is censored by partisan media or dismissed as "Russian disinformation" the half the country who lives in that bubble may never be exposed to the truth. What to do with the people who still believe the misinformation after being exposed to the truth is another ball of wax.
I don’t even understand what the process is to review every bit of content for acceptability before it can be accessible - in a country of 1.4 billion people. Do they continue to store banned content somewhere? How does such a huge content speed bump contribute to the economy when it’s sole purpose is unproductivity?
Internet traffic passes through a lot of devices before it gets to it's destination. There are traffic routers at the backbone level - at the ISP level - and at the user level. Content can be blocked by IP range or URL - like no one can get to facebook.com - OR by blocking keyword - #porn. There are developed algorithms that do image blocking by comparing images in a database - like how child pornography detectors work - and content more complex than a simple keyword - AI.
Just seems like a lot of work for the specific goal of being nonproductive, even if it is AI driven. It’s like an anti-industry. It only exists to unproduce that which has been produced.
It's not production from which the Chinese government profits. They're blocking production that brings profits to those outside their borders. No skin off their backs.
And they do allow some production - like showing movies such as Bohemian Rhapsody, just in modified form. Their cinemas are still selling tickets.
A well-known Chinese intellectual has written three books that might never get published. Another famous scholar has written five books with no hope of getting them past the censors.
It’s also internal. China seems like a widget factory with a huge dumpster at the end of a conveyor belt.
Production < control, in their minds.
The people giving the orders aren't doing the actual work. Personally I don't understand why some people think it's easier to control people by force and fear.
Digital Authoritarianism, China.
People can still travel and talk, so the truth can still get though and spread.