Behind the White House Effort to Pressure the C.D.C. on School Openings

S E E D E D   C O N T E N T

An elementary school classroom in Royal City, Wash., last month.
President Trump and his team have remained defiant in their push for schools to open,
even as coronavirus cases have once again ticked up.
Ruth Fremson/The New York Times

Top White House officials pressured the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention this summer to play down the risk of sending children back to school, a strikingly political intervention in one of the most sensitive public health debates of the pandemic, according to documents and interviews with current and former government officials.

As part of their behind-the-scenes effort, White House officials also tried to circumvent the C.D.C. in a search for alternate data showing that the pandemic was weakening and posed little danger to children.

The documents and interviews show how the White House spent weeks trying to press public health professionals to fall in line with President Trump's election-year agenda of pushing to reopen schools and the economy as quickly as possible. The president and his team have remained defiant in their demand for schools to get back to normal, even as coronavirus cases have once again ticked up, in some cases linked to school and college reopenings.

The effort included Dr. Deborah L. Birx, the White House's coronavirus response coordinator, and officials working for Vice President Mike Pence, who led the task force. It left officials at the C.D.C., long considered the world's premier public health agency, alarmed at the degree of pressure from the White House.

One member of Mr. Pence's staff said she was repeatedly asked by Marc Short, the vice president's chief of staff, to get the C.D.C. to produce more reports and charts showing a decline in coronavirus cases among young people.

The staff member, Olivia Troye, one of Mr. Pence's top aides on the task force, said she regretted being "complicit" in the effort. But she said she tried as much as possible to shield the C.D.C. from the White House pressure, which she saw as driven by the president's determination to have schools open by the time voters cast ballots.

"You're impacting people's lives for whatever political agenda. You're exchanging votes for lives, and I have a serious problem with that," said Ms. Troye, who left the White House in August and has begun speaking out publicly against Mr. Trump.

According to Ms. Troye, Mr. Short dispatched other members of the vice president's staff to circumvent the C.D.C. in search of data he thought might better support the White House's position.

"I was appalled when I found out that Marc Short was tasking more junior staff in the office of the vice president to develop charts" for White House briefings, she said.

After Ms. Troye went public this month, Mr. Short told MSNBC that she had a vendetta against the president and that she left the White House because "the strain was too much for her to do the job."

Several former officials said that before one task force briefing in late June, White House officials, including Ms. Troye, spoke to top C.D.C. officers asking for data that could show the low risk of infection and death for school-age children — "a snazzy, easy-to-read document," one former senior public health official recalled.

Marc Short, Vice President Mike Pence's chief of staff, is said to have dispatched junior staff members to circumvent the C.D.C. in search of data he thought might better support the White House's position.
Doug Mills/The New York Times

The White House seized on a bar chart the C.D.C. distributed that week to other agencies, which showed that 60 percent of coronavirus deaths were people over the age of 75. Officials asked the C.D.C. to provide a new chart to show people 18 and under as a separate group — rather than including them as normal in an under-25 category — in an effort to demonstrate that the risk for school-age children was relatively low.

In another instance, Dr. Birx took a direct role in an effort to push the C.D.C. to incorporate work from a little-known agency inside the Department of Health and Human Services, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

The document worked on by the mental health agency struck a different tone from the cautious approach being proposed by the C.D.C., warning that school closures would have a long-term effect on the mental health of children. It said that "very few reports of children being the primary source of Covid-19 transmission among family members have emerged" and asserted that children who were asymptomatic "are unlikely to spread the virus."

In a July 19 email, Dr. Birx asked Dr. Robert R. Redfield, the C.D.C. director, to incorporate the document "as background in the introduction section" of the C.D.C. guidance.

An email sent by Dr. Deborah
L. Birx, the White House
coronavirus response coordinator,
to Dr. Robert R. Redfield, the
head of the C.D.C., about school
reopening guidance.
The New York Times has redacted
the contact information and names
of other recipients on the exchange.

C.D.C. scientists pointed out numerous errors in the document and raised concerns that it appeared to minimize the risk of the coronavirus to school-age children, according to an edited version of the document obtained by The New York Times. The C.D.C. was successful in beating back some of the proposed changes, and the line about asymptomatic children was not included in its final guidelines.

But the gist of the mental health agency's position — stressing the potential risks of children not attending school — became the introductory text of the final C.D.C. policy, leaving some officials there dismayed.

Brian Morgenstern, a White House spokesman, said the coronavirus task force brought together public health officials "who offer different expertise and views on a variety of issues" in setting policy.

"President Trump relies on the advice of all of his top health officials who agree that it is in the public health interest to safely reopen schools, and that the relative risks posed by the virus to young people are outweighed by the risks of keeping children out of school indefinitely," Mr. Morgenstern said.

The C.D.C. did not immediately provide a comment.

The internal battle began in July, weeks after a group of C.D.C. career employees began drafting what would become the agency's guidance to assist parents in making decisions about whether to send their children back to school. Mr. Trump had publicly made his preference clear. "We want to get them open quickly, beautifully, in the fall," he said, adding that "young people do extraordinarily well" in avoiding the disease.

One of the guidance documents the C.D.C. produced was a "decision-making tool" urging parents to "consider the full spectrum of risks involved in both in-person and virtual learning options," according to a draft reviewed by The Times that reflected the language later published by the C.D.C.

The seven-page draft conceded that scientists were "still learning about how it spreads, how it affects children and what role children may play in its spread," and that limited data suggested that children were less likely to get the virus than adults.

At the same time, it warned of deaths caused by multisystem inflammatory syndrome and of some children being at increased risk of severe illness. It recommended that parents consider whether others in a household might be at increased risk.

Mr. Trump made it clear that he wanted schools to open, and that he saw opposition to doing so in political terms.
Al Drago for The New York Times

In early July, Mr. Trump became angry about what he thought were the C.D.C.'s overly stringent recommendations. "The Dems think it would be bad for them politically if U.S. schools open before the November Election, but it is important for the children and families," he said on Twitter. "May cut off funding if not open!"