More than 15 ancient cooking hearths unearthed in Alaska are turning up surprising new clues about the lives and diets of Sub-Arctic hunters during the Ice Age .
The fire pits have been found to contain an abundance of salmon remains, archaeologists say, and the oldest of the pits — dated to at least 11,800 years old — has revealed the earliest evidence yet of salmon cooking in the New World.
Finding salmon in Alaska might not sound surprising, even if it is almost 12,000 years old.
But many experts believed that, in the region where the hearths were found — at a site in central Alaska known as Upward Sun River — Ice Age hunters lived on a diet mainly of land animals, such as bison, elk, and mammoths.
[Read about a related find: “ Woolly Mammoths Survived on Alaska Island Until Just 5,600 Years Ago, New Study Shows “]
In 2013 and 2014, researchers expanded the dig at Upward Sun River to study the relationship between the residential structure and the hearths. (Photo by Ben Potter) “Our results demonstrate that salmonid and freshwater resources were more important for late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers than previously thought,” the team writes in their report on their findings, in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science .
The hearths are just one part of a striking series of discoveries made at Upward Sun River that date back as far as 13,200 years, including the ruins of prehistoric dwellings and the ornate, poignant burials of three children .
[Find out what we learned from an even older child burial in Montana: “ Genome of America’s Only Clovis Skeleton Reveals Origins of Native Americans “]Archaeologists have turned their attention to the cooking pits, because new technology is allowing them to study the charred contents, which can provide direct evidence of meals that were eaten millennia ago.
“[H]earths … can provide valuable evidence for ancient subsistence practices, particularly when faunal remains are not preserved,” the team notes.
Archaeologists excavated a total of 17 cooking pits that ranged in age from 11,500 to 13,200 years.
The researchers then used a technique called stable isotope analysis to study the chemistry of charcoal samples from each of the pits.
This method reveals the concentrations of various chemical isotopes, each of which can be traced to certain types of food.
Higher levels of the isotopes nitrogen-15 and carbon-13, for example, are indicative of the fats found in marine fish, like anadromous salmon, whereas freshwater fish and land animals have lower levels of these chemicals.
“It’s quite new in the archaeology field,” said Kyungcheol Choy, the University of Alaska-Fairbanks researcher who led the study, in a press statement.
“There’s a lot in these mixtures that’s hard to detect in other ways.”
The analysis revealed that, unexpectedly, 10 of the 17 hearths contained the unique chemical signature of salmon fat — specifically, that of chum salmon, also known as keta.
The researchers also found that the evidence of salmon cooking was most abundant around 11,800 years ago — the oldest such evidence on record in the Western Hemisphere — and again about 11,500 years ago.
These findings open up new insights not only into the eating habits of the people at Upward Sun River, but also into their culture and customs.
“This is a different kind of strategy,” said Dr. Ben Potter, University of Alaska anthropologist and co-author of the study, in a press statement.
“It fleshes out our understanding of these people in a way that we didn’t have before.”
For example, the fact that 10 of the hearths contained consistently high levels of salmon residue, while the others contained evidence of freshwater fish and land animals, suggests that separate pits were used for preparing different kinds of food, consistently over the course of thousands of years.
Potter and his colleagues had previously reported on another compelling discovery made at the site: the grave of two infants buried inside a residence some 11,500 years ago, as well as the cremation of a third child.
Researchers excavate a double infant burial at the Upward Sun River site, Alaska. (Courtesy Ben A. Potter) Together the dead comprised the youngest Ice Age humans ever found in the Western Hemisphere.
[Learn more about the burials and what was found in their graves: “ ‘Twin’ Ice Age Infants Discovered in 11,500-Year-Old Alaska Grave ”]The new discovery of the hearths and their contents adds greater detail to archaeologists’ understanding of how the people of Upward Sun River lived, as the period of the Ice Age , known as the Pleistocene , was transitioning into the epoch we live in today, the Holocene.
“Collectively, [our] data indicate patterned, recurrent use of the area for seasonal anadromous salmon fishing and processing and that aquatic resources were more important than previously thought during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition,” the team writes.
The experts also add that isotope analysis and other chemical studies can give archaeologists a new suite of tools for understanding the past.
“Our findings reveal that analysis of organic residues from hearth sediments can have great utility for reconstructing dietary trends and subsistence practices among mobile hunter-gatherers, particularly in contexts where faunal remains are poorly preserved,” they write.
“It’s an awesome look at how we can merge disciplines to answer a question,” Potter added in the press statement.
Two years ago, twin infants burial was discovered at this site. The Upper Sun River site is revealing a wealth of information on how our ancient ancestors lived.
Link to the twin infant discovery.
Great link! Thanks for posting it!
Happy that you enjoyed it, Dowser.
It would be interesting to compare the life expectancies of the coastal salmon eaters with that of the inland meat eaters - as salmon is a healthy diet.
That would be interesting Buzz. I would imagine that they ate both salmon and various types of meat, since they are a bit inland.
Not only healthy to eat, but I would also imagine, safer to catch!
If they uncover some petrified bagels and Philadelphia Brand Cream Cheese wrappers, we'll finally know the likely inventors of the Jewish deli.
Good lox with that!
LOL, your aware that Enoch and I invented the ''kosher winnebagel'' aren't you Mac?
Yes, we are old...
Enoch and I invented the ''kosher winnebagel''
Indeed I am; and are you aware of the Jewish-Native American couple that gave their son a kind of hybridized name?
WHITEFISH!
As part of a family with many JIP's I'm well aware of that Mac,
There is also his close cousin, Gefilte Fish.
There is also his close cousin, Gefilte Fish.
And his bitter rival, Horace Raddish.
At least they ate well!!! For a time, anyway...
Probably a bit safer then hunting mammoths, Dowser.
That's what I was thinking... They had good food, easily caught, and got a really nice meal! Lucky for them!
The new discovery of the hearths and their contents adds greater detail to archaeologists’ understanding of how the people of Upward Sun River lived, as the period of the Ice Age , known as the Pleistocene , was transitioning into the epoch we live in today, the Holocene.
“Collectively, [our] data indicate patterned, recurrent use of the area for seasonal anadromous salmon fishing and processing and that aquatic resources were more important than previously thought during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition,” the team writes.
Very interesting. This would have been when humans were transitioning from hunter-gatherers. It makes me wonder about the technicalities of their fishing and processing. It would most likely have been a group effort, as well as an important aspect of tribal life.
Great article!
:~)